How the French School System Works (A Simple Guide for Expats)

If you are moving to France with children, understanding the school system is likely high on your priority list. At first glance, it can seem quite different from the UK or US, with unfamiliar terms, structures, and expectations.

The good news is that the French education system is well organised, widely respected, and accessible. Once you understand how it works, it becomes much easier to navigate.

Is Schooling Compulsory in France?

Yes. Education is compulsory for children aged 3 to 16 years old. Most children start school at age 3, which is earlier than in many countries.

The Structure of the French School System

The system is divided into three main stages:

1. École Maternelle (Ages 3 to 6)

This is the French equivalent of nursery or preschool.

• Not just childcare. It is structured education

• Focus on social skills, basic learning, and language development

• Attendance is effectively expected, even though it may feel early for some expats

Children learn:

• Basic numbers and letters

• Social interaction and routines

• Early writing and communication skills

2. École Élémentaire (Ages 6 to 11)

This is primary school.

Children move through five years:

• CP (Cours Préparatoire)

• CE1

• CE2

• CM1

• CM2

Core subjects include:

• French (reading and writing)

• Maths

• Science

• History and geography

• Arts and sport

The academic structure is quite formal compared to some other countries, with a strong emphasis on fundamentals.

3. Collège (Ages 11 to 15)

Collège is similar to lower secondary school.

All students follow the same curriculum, which includes:

• French

• Maths

• Sciences

• History and geography

• Foreign languages

• Technology and arts

At the end of collège, students sit an exam called the Diplôme National du Brevet.

4. Lycée (Ages 15 to 18)

Lycée is upper secondary school and prepares students for further education or careers.

Students choose a pathway:

• General (academic)

• Technological

• Vocational

At the end of lycée, students take the Baccalauréat (Bac), which is a key qualification for university entrance.

State vs Private Schools

Public (State) Schools

• Free to attend

• Assigned based on where you live

• Taught in French

• Follow the national curriculum

Most children in France attend public schools.

Private Schools

• Usually Catholic but open to all

• Fees are relatively low compared to other countries

• Follow the national curriculum with some flexibility

International Schools

• Offer education in English or bilingual formats

• Follow systems such as British or International Baccalaureate

• Significantly more expensive

• Often located near major cities

These can be a good option for short-term stays or older children who do not speak French.

What About Language for Expat Children?

This is often the biggest concern.

Younger Children

• Usually adapt very quickly

• Pick up French through immersion

• Often fluent within months

Older Children

• May find it more challenging initially

• Schools may offer support, but it varies

• Some families choose international schools during transition

Many expat families are surprised by how quickly children adjust, especially in primary school.

School Hours and Routine

The French school day can feel different.

Typical features include:

• School days often run from around 8:30 to 16:30

• Wednesdays are often a half-day or non-school day in primary schools

• A long lunch break, sometimes up to two hours

• Structured schedules and formal classroom environments

School lunches are an important part of the day.

• Provided by the school (for a fee)

• Usually high quality and balanced

• Often include multiple courses

Children are encouraged to eat properly and try different foods, which many expat families appreciate.

France has a structured national school calendar.

• Around 6 to 7 weeks of summer holidays

• Regular breaks throughout the year

• Holiday dates can vary by region

The system is designed to balance study with regular rest periods.

Enrolling Your Child in a French School

The process is generally straightforward.

You will need:

• Proof of address in France

• Child’s birth certificate

• Vaccination records

• Previous school records (if applicable)

You usually register with your local town hall (mairie) first, then the school.

What Expats Often Find Different

There are a few cultural differences that stand out:

• A more formal teacher-student relationship

• Strong emphasis on academic structure

• Less focus on extracurricular activities within school

• Greater independence expected from children

Understanding these differences helps avoid surprises.

The French school system may feel unfamiliar at first, but it is logical, consistent, and well established.

For younger children in particular, it can be an excellent way to integrate into French life quickly. For older children, it may require more consideration and support.

With the right preparation, most families find that their children adapt well and benefit from the experience of growing up within a different education system.